Dolaylı anlatım
English uses 'that' clauses for reported speech ('he said that he came'). Turkish builds them with two verbal nouns: -dik / -tik for past or general reports, -ecek for future ones, then attaches a possessive (whose action it was) and the accusative -i on the end. The result feels like 'his having-come', 'their will-go-ness'. Geldiğini söyledi. = 'He said that he came.' Kitap okuduğumu söyledim. = 'I said that I read the book.'
The two participle bases
-DIK (= -dık / -dik / -duk / -dük / -tık / -tik / -tuk / -tük) marks past or general / habitual content: gel- + -diğ- + -i + -ni = geldiğini ('that he came'). -ecek / -acak marks future content: gel- + -eceğ- + -i + -ni = geleceğini ('that he will come'). Note k softens to ğ before a vowel.
Attaching the subject
Stick a possessive after -dik / -ecek to mark whose action it is: -im / -in / -i / -imiz / -iniz / -leri. oku- + -duğ- + -um = okuduğum = 'my having-read / that I read'. To turn the whole thing into the object of söylemek ('to say'), add accusative -(n)i: okuduğumu söyledim = 'I said that I read'. The buffer n appears between two vowels (okuduğunu = 'that he read it').
Tense inside the report
Turkish doesn't 'shift' tenses the way English does. Whatever was said becomes -dik (already-happened from the speaker's view) or -ecek (still in the future from the speaker's view). 'Geliyor' dedi. → Geldiğini söyledi. ('He said that he was coming.') 'Geleceğim' dedi. → Geleceğini söyledi. ('He said that he would come.')
Other verbs of mind
bilmek (know), düşünmek (think), sanmak (suppose), duymak (hear), görmek (see), anlamak (understand) all take the same -dik / -ecek pattern + accusative. Geldiğini biliyorum. = 'I know that he came.' Geleceğini düşünüyorum. = 'I think that he'll come.'
Direct vs indirect
Direct: keep the original words and frame them with dedi ('said') or diye ('saying'). 'Yarın geliyorum,' dedi. = 'He said, "I'm coming tomorrow."' Indirect: rebuild as a -dik / -ecek clause: Yarın geleceğini söyledi. Newspapers use indirect; conversation often uses direct.
