İşteş çatı (reciprocal)
When two or more people do something to each other, Turkish glues -(I)ş onto the verb stem. görmek = to see → görüşmek = to see one another / meet. bulmak = to find → buluşmak = to meet up (find each other). tanımak = to know (a person) → tanışmak = to get to know each other. The same suffix can also signal collective action ('do together').
Form
Stem + -(I)ş with vowel harmony (-ış / -iş / -uş / -üş) + tense. After consonants, a buffer vowel appears: gör- + -üş- → görüşmek. After vowel-final stems, just -ş: anla- + -ş- → anlaşmak (to come to an understanding / agree).
Reciprocal vs collective
Two readings sit on the same suffix. Reciprocal: the action goes both ways between the participants — kucaklaşmak = 'to hug each other'. Collective: several people do the action together, not necessarily to each other — koşuşmak = 'to run around together / scurry'. Context picks the right one.
ile or birbirini
The other party is usually marked with ile ('with') or its suffixed form -yle / -la / -le: Ali ile görüştüm = 'I met with Ali'. To stress 'each other' overtly, use birbiri + possessive: birbirimizi tanıyoruz = 'we know each other'. With a reciprocal verb, birbirini is often optional — the verb already says it.
Common reciprocals
görüşmek (see each other / be in touch), buluşmak (meet up), tanışmak (get acquainted), anlaşmak (agree, get along), konuşmak (originally 'speak together' — now just 'speak'), öpüşmek (kiss each other), kucaklaşmak (hug each other), savaşmak (fight, war), kavga etmek (have a fight — uses etmek), vedalaşmak (say goodbye to each other).
Frozen meanings
Some -ış verbs have drifted from a strict reciprocal meaning. konuşmak is just 'to talk' — the 'with each other' is implied but no longer required. çalışmak = 'to work' (originally 'to strive together'). Treat these as ordinary vocabulary; the reciprocal feel is bleached out.
