Two number systems on one clock
Korean has two parallel number systems and the clock uses both at once: pure Korean numbers for the hour, and Sino-Korean numbers for the minute. To ask the time, say μ§κΈ λͺ μμμ? ('what time is it now?'). To answer 3:15, say μΈ μ μμ€ λΆμ΄μμ β literally 'three hour fifteen minute'.
Pure-Korean numbers for the hour
Hours 1β12 use native Korean numerals, and four of them shorten before μ ('o'clock'): 1 = νλ β ν μ, 2 = λ β λ μ, 3 = μ β μΈ μ, 4 = λ· β λ€ μ. The rest are regular: λ€μ― μ (5), μ¬μ― μ (6), μΌκ³± μ (7), μ¬λ μ (8), μν μ (9), μ΄ μ (10), μ΄ν μ (11), μ΄λ μ (12). Note the space before μ.
Sino-Korean numbers for the minute
Minutes use the Sino-Korean system, the same one used for prices, dates, and phone numbers: μΌ (1), μ΄ (2), μΌ (3), μ¬ (4), μ€ (5), μ‘ (6), μΉ (7), ν (8), ꡬ (9), μ (10). Larger numbers stack: μμ€ λΆ (15 min), μΌμ λΆ (30 min), μ¬μμ€ λΆ (45 min). The word for 'minute' is λΆ.
AM and PM go in front
Korean puts the AM/PM marker before the hour, not after: μ€μ = AM (literally 'before noon'), μ€ν = PM (literally 'after noon'). 9 AM is μ€μ μν μ. 7 PM is μ€ν μΌκ³± μ. There's no separate word like 'noon' on the clock β just μ€ν μ΄λ μ, or simply μ μ€ (noon) and μμ (midnight) for the precise points.
Half past and 'before'
Half past is just λ° ('half'): μΈ μ λ° = 3:30. To say 'before' the next hour (5 to 4), use μ : λ€ μ μ€ λΆ μ = 'four o'clock five minutes before' = 3:55. But it's more common in casual Korean to just say μΈ μ μ€μμ€ λΆ (3:55).
Asking and answering
μ§κΈ λͺ μμμ? = 'What time is it now?' (λͺ = 'how many', μ = 'hour', μμ = polite copula). Reply: [hour] μ [minute] λΆμ΄μμ β '...minute is'. If it's exactly on the hour, drop the minutes: λ μμμ = 'It's two o'clock.'
