All languagesSpanish › Lesson 49

Conectores discursivos

sin embargo, por lo tanto, además — sounding like a Spanish speaker.

By B2 you can tell whole stories. Now we learn to CONNECT sentences so your speech doesn't sound like a list. Connectors are sorted by function: adding, contrasting, explaining, concluding, sequencing in time. The most powerful tool for essays and fluent speaking.

Adding

además = furthermore / besides. también = also. asimismo = likewise (formal). por otra parte = on the other hand (similar to 'besides'). incluso = even. Es inteligente y además muy trabajadora (she's intelligent and besides very hardworking). Estudia incluso los domingos (she studies even on Sundays).

Contrasting

pero = but (neutral). sin embargo = however (formal, sentence-initial). no obstante = nevertheless. en cambio = on the contrary / on the other hand. por el contrario = on the contrary. aunque = although. a pesar de que = despite that. Está cansado, sin embargo trabaja todo el día (he's tired, however, he works all day). A mi hermano le gusta el fútbol; en cambio, a mí me aburre.

Cause

porque = because (neutral). ya que = since. dado que = given that (formal). como = as / since (always sentence-initial). debido a que = due to the fact that. No vino porque estaba cansado (he didn't come because he was tired). Como no me llamó, me fui solo (since he didn't call me, I went alone).

Consequence / conclusion

por eso = that's why. por lo tanto = therefore. así que = so. en consecuencia = as a result. de modo / manera que = in such a way that. entonces = then / so (colloquial). Está lloviendo; por lo tanto, no salimos (it's raining; therefore, we're not going out). No tengo dinero, así que no voy.

Time sequencing

primero = first. luego / después = then. mientras tanto = meanwhile. al mismo tiempo = at the same time. a continuación = next. finalmente / por último = finally. en primer lugar / en segundo lugar = firstly / secondly. Primero me ducho, luego desayuno, finalmente salgo.

Illustration and conclusion

por ejemplo = for example. es decir = that is. en otras palabras = in other words. en resumen = in summary. en conclusión = in conclusion. en realidad = actually. de hecho = in fact. Hay muchos tipos de pan; por ejemplo, baguette, ciabatta… En resumen, fue un buen día.

Register

Connectors split into colloquial and formal. Colloquial: pero, porque, así que, entonces, además, también. Formal (for essays and official writing): sin embargo, no obstante, dado que, por lo tanto, en consecuencia, asimismo. Don't mix registers in the same sentence — sounds odd. At B2 you should have both sets and switch by context.

Examples

Está cansado, sin embargo trabaja.
He's tired, however, he's working.
Contrast, formal.
No tengo dinero, así que no voy.
I don't have money, so I'm not going.
Consequence, colloquial.
Como llovía, nos quedamos en casa.
Since it was raining, we stayed home.
Cause at the start.
Primero estudia, luego juega.
First he studies, then he plays.
Sequence.
Es inteligente y además trabajadora.
She's intelligent and also hardworking.
Adding.
En resumen, fue una buena experiencia.
In short, it was a good experience.
Conclusion.

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